In order to meet water needs in a region or country, the lack of sufficient available freshwater resources is referred to as water
shortage [1]. For countries with water scarcity problems, the increase in agricultural water efficiency has a crucial role to play.
In recent years, nanotechnology has been used as a new technology in the food and agricultural industries, and one of the applications
of nanotechnology is the creation of nanobubbles in the liquid phase. Nanobubbles are small bubbles of gas with dimensions
less than 200 nm and are produced through various technologies such as cavitation, electrolysis, membrane method, etc., among
which, the hydrodynamic cavitation method has been introduced as one of the most efficient technologies for the production of
nanobubbles [2]. The effect of nanobubbles in improving plant growth has also been reported in some studies [3,4]. Also, one of the
mechanisms of the effect of nanobubbles is to increase the amount of water absorption by seeds through increasing the permeability of
its coating, which was observed in radish [5]. This technology can maintain high levels of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous phase
compared to normal aeration and lead to an increase in plant yield in hydroponics and intensive agriculture [6]. The unique properties
of nanobubbles can have positive effects on the plant yield. Due to high surface area and long lifetime, nanobubbles can help increase